[미세먼지 바로알기 시민강좌 7강]

미세먼지 국내정책이슈와 대응전략_조경두 인천발전연구원 선임연구위원

대기환경기준부터 자동차, 석탄화력발전소 문제까지 국내 미세먼지 정책이슈에 대해 알아보는 인천발전연구원의 조경두 선임연구위원의 강의가 미세먼지 바로알기 시민강좌에서 진행됐습니다.

그동안 시민들은 꾸준히 국내 대기환경기준을 국제기준 수준으로 강화할 것을 요구해왔습니다. 현재 국내 대기환경기준은 국제보건기구인 WHO의 기준보다 2배 낮은 기준을 사용하고 있습니다. 시민들의 건강을 지키기 위한 대기환경기준의 강화는 필요한 합니다. 하지만 대기환경기준을 강화할 때에는 적절한 기준의 선정과 파급효과를 고려해야 합니다. 예를 들자면 미국의 경우 미세먼지(PM10)의 경우 150㎍/㎥으로 국내 기준인 100㎍/㎥ 보다 낮습니다.  하지만 초미세먼지(PM2.5)의 경우에는 35㎍/㎥로 국내 50㎍/㎥보다 강화된 기준을 사용하고 있습니다. 이는 건강의 유해성을 고려한 기준입니다. 이처럼 시민들의 건강을 고려한 기준을 선정하고, 시민들이 체감할 수 있게 연편균보다는 일평균을 바탕으로한 대기환경기준의 강화가 필요합니다.

대기환경정책에는 많은  예산과 시간이 투자됩니다.  또한  정책효과가 바로 나타나지 않습니다. 그렇기 때문에 적절한 정책을 실행하는 것이 무엇보다 중요합니다.  하지만 국내의 기존 환경정책들은 많은 문제를 가지고  있습니다. 대표적인 것들이 바로 오염물질을 배출하는 곳에 부과되는 세금입니다. 교통에너지환경세, 대기오염물질 배출부과금, 환경오염분담금, 환경개선비용부담금, 자동차세, 지역자원시설세 등의 정말 다양한 세금을 환경개선을 위해 징수되고 있습니다. 하지만 이렇게 걷어지는 세금이 적절하게 사용되고 있지 못하고 있습니다.  교통에너지환경세의 경우 환경개선보다는 도로개통 등에 대부분이 사용되고, 지역에서 걷어지는 다양한  세금의 경우에도 오염물질을 많이 배출하는 지역에서 많이 걷어져 중앙정부에서 일괄적인 집행이 이루어집니다. 이렇게 진행되는 경우 지역특성에 맞지 않는 정책이 실행되고, 필요한 곳에 사용되지 못하는 것입니다.

국내 미세먼지 주요원인이라고 하는 석탄화력발전소와 자동차, 특히 경유차에 대한 정책들도 그 효과를 위해서는 정책에 영향을 미칠 요인들을 고려해야합니다. 현재 미세먼지를 줄이기 위해서 노후 석탄화력발전소의 운영을 중단하였습니다. 하지만 기존의 석탄화력발전소의 중단만이 아닌 신규석탄화력발전의 건설 중단도 중요하다. 석탄화력발전소의 수명은 30년 정도입니다. 석탄화력발전소를 짓는 기업들도 이런 발전소의 수명을 고려하여 에너지의 가격과 투자를 진행하는 것입니다. 하지만 기후변화와 미세먼지로 인해 사회적인 인식의 변화에 과연 기존의 수명대로 운영할 수 있을지 알 수 없습니다. 기업도 이런 상황을 고려하려 신규 석탄화력발전소의 건설을 중단하여야 합니다.

해외의 성공사례의 도입과 전기차 구매지원이 미세먼지 정책에 해법인지도 따져봐야 할 문제입니다. 도심의 차량진입을 제한하는 제도인 LEZ의 대표적인 성공사례로 영국을 많이 이야기합니다. 국내에서도 LEZ제도를 이야기 할 때 영국의 사례를 많이 이야기합니다. 하지만 구도심과 신도심의 차이가 분명한 영국과 곳곳에 위성도시가 위치한 국내의 수도권의 모습은 많은 차이를 가지고 있습니다. 이런 차이에 대한 인식과 보완이 진행되어야 정책이 성공할 수 있을 것입니다

. 또한 전기차 구매지원제도가 현재의 에너지 발전방식과 대중교통 정책에 악영향을 주지 않을지도 생각해보야 합니다. 전기차 증가로 인한 에너지 사용의 증가와 교통량 증기로 인한 교통체증의 문제가 발생할 수 있는 것입니다. 이처럼 국내 환경에 맞는 정책과 정책효과에 따른 효과들을 검증해야 합니다.

미세먼지는 국민들이 걱정만큼이나 논란도 많습니다. 하지만 대기환경기준의 강화, 대기오염관련 정책의 재정비등은 미세먼지 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 꼭 필요한 일입니다. 하지만 정책은 때론 새로운 문제를 만들어내기도 합니다. 그렇기에 정책의 계획과 실행에 앞서 많은 고민과 검증이 이루어져야 할것 입니다.

● 위치:운연천 상류~탄천과 합쳐지는 부분까지

● 조사된 식생-유해식물: 가시박. 단풍잎 돼지풀. 환삼덩굴

미국가막사리. 쪽제비싸리. 고마리. 자주개자리. 붉은 토끼물. 망초. 미국실새삼. 사대풀. 익모초. 개망초. 소리쟁이  등

운연천은 인천지하철 2호선 지하철 기지가 옆에 있고 농사를 짓는 농터옆을 흐르는 하천 이었지만,

서창동 아파트 개발로 인하여 없었던 도로가 생기면서 가시박이 운연천 수변부에 상당히 많이 들어와 자라고 있었음.

가시박은 씨앗이 동물에게 붙어 옮기거나 사람, 흐르는 하천물에 흘러 이동할 수 있는데 운연천이 합쳐지는 부분이 시흥 탄천이고, 그 탄천은 소래포구로 흘러들어가면서 소래습지생태공원 옆을 지나는 하천이기에 가시박 제거가 우선일 듯 하다.

가시박은 유해식물로 번지는 속도고 엄청나게 빠르게 때문에 빨리 제거하지 않으면 다른 하천으로 번질수 있고 농사를 짓는 농토로 번질수 있기 때문이다.

운연천 하류부는 공사중.

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