Large-Scale Deforestation at Korea Forest Service’s REDD+ Site in Cambodia

PRESS RELEASE – Korea Federation for Environmental Movements
・ More than 37% of forests destroyed in Korea Forest Service’s Cambodia REDD+ Pilot Project.
・ Korea Forest Service criticized of promoting the project’s success, despite poor management.
・ Immediate need for a forest restoration plan and participation from civil society in both countries.
Recently the Korea Forest Service (KFS) has come under fire for its plan to open up much of Korea’s forests to logging and replanting, in the name of 2050 carbon-neutrality. KFS hoped this would help it reach its goal of 34 million tons of GHG emission reduction by 2050. But what was overlooked in much of this criticism was the fact that 5 million tons of these reductions would be achieved overseas through REDD+ projects.
REDD+, or reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, covers a variety of projects but generally involves developed countries paying developing countries not to cut down forests. Korea began pilot projects in Indonesia in 2013, and later expanding to Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Cambodia’s Tumring REDD+ Pilot Project is the first project where the Korea Forest Service secured carbon credits.
At present only the host countries can count reductions in deforestation towards their emission reduction goals, or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). But Korea is expecting that this will change. Korea’s Cabon Neutrality Committee said as much in its recent 2050 carbon neutrality roadmaps, where it stated that REDD+ would be used to make up shortfalls in the countries future NDCs. In the meantime, Korea can receive carbon credits from these projects, which the KFS says are being sold and the profits used to fund the pilot projects.
[caption id="attachment_218272" align="aligncenter" width="630"]
Map 1. Logging in Tumring project area, 2000-2021. The solid white line is the boundary of the REDD+ pilot project, and each red pixel represents the degree of forest loss over 20 years. The brighter the red, the more recently the forest was lost. The remaining forests are becoming fragmented, turning into ecologically vulnerable islands. The yellow pixel represents GLAD Deforestation Alert showing a disturbance in the forest canopy, which indicates that trees in that area may have been lost or removed. ©Global Forest Watch[/caption]
The KFS has proudly stated that last year the Tumring project reduced 650,000 tons of GHG emissions. However, an independent three-month investigation this year conducted by Cambodian and Korean NGOs, has shown the reality on the ground is far different. The investigation which began in May, involved on-site investigations, satellite image analysis, and expert interviews. The fieldwork team was led by Ouch Leng, Goldman Environmental Prize recipient and head of the Cambodia Human Rights Task Force (CHRTF) and supported by activists of Korean Federation for Environmental Movements (KFEM) and the Biodiversity Foundation. The fieldwork team visited 13 out of 14 community forests in the Tumring REDD+ pilot project area, on several occasions.
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Map 2. Composition of satellite data, drone images, and on ground photos showing deforestation inside Tumring REDD+ pilot project © KFEM[/caption]
The investigation revealed that in the past six years since the Tumring REDD+ pilot project was established, more than 37% of the forest in the project area was damaged or lost. According to public satellite data provided by the University of Maryland, the forest area decreased from around 56,084 hectares in 2015 to about 35,544 hectares at the end of last year. This loss of 20,540 hectares is equivalent to an area twice the size of Paris. The fieldwork team contended that the damage in the area is likely greater than what was seen on satellite, estimating as high as 45% loss in overall forest cover. Even more alarming is the current rate of deforestation. In 2020 there was an 8.76% loss of forest in the project area. In the first half of 2021, forest loss has already reached 8.3%.
[caption id="attachment_218274" align="aligncenter" width="469"]
Map 3. Tumring REDD+ pilot project area in red, located near the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary in northern Cambodia. ©Global Forest Watch – University of Maryland; Hansen et al. 2013.[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_218275" align="aligncenter" width="605"]
Table 1. Tumring REDD+ Pilot Project Zones: Percentage of deforestation by year, 2010-2020. After the REDD+ pilot project was launched in December 2014, forest loss has continued to rise. Land expropriation and logging expanded in 2016, the year Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary was established. © University of Maryland, Global Land Analysis and Discovery (GLAD)-Global Forest Watch 2.0b[/caption]
Most of the deforested areas are turned into large plantation farmland, mainly for rubber, cassava, and cashew nuts. According to interviews with local residents, most of the trees harvested in this process are not for local consumption. It is reported that logging companies from other regions make illegal arrangements with local officials or forest monitoring personnel, make the local residents handle the logging operations and purchase the timber. According to Ouch Leng, “It’s not a secret that expensive timber from endangered species in Cambodia is actively traded on the black market. REDD+ project isn’t stopping that at all.”
[caption id="attachment_218411" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 1. A fallen REDD+ project sign found in the Choim Smach community forest within the Tumring REDD+ pilot project area. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, 24 June 2021. © KFEM[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_218277" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 2. Illegal logging, on-site processing of rubber trees, and transportation by tractor (locally called "Koyun") in the Ou Daskor community forest north of the Tumring project site. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, July 2, 2021. © KFEM[/caption]
Land grabbing within the REDD+ project forests is yet another issue. According to Mr. Chhem Sopheak, head of the Sochet community forest, located in the southeast of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project, outsiders were recently caught by police for trying to grab land. He also reported cases of people attempting to forge residents or indigenous peoples to gain land titles.
Forest patrol by the local community is one of the core empowering activities of the REDD+ projects, in order to monitor deforestation and logging. However, an allowance of around $50 per 5-person team was barely enough to cover fuel and food costs for patrolling. In fact, the teams interviewed by the investigation team were only receiving an average of $38 per patrol. “It takes 10 people to properly patrol a large forest,” said a representative of the O Dauntey community forest, and a proper patrol may cost “five times the current allowance.” The result is that in many cases, patrol is performed only once or twice a month, utterly insufficient to prevent illegal logging.
[caption id="attachment_218279" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 3. Deforestation in O Dauntey community forest inside Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, July 2021. (Latitude: 13.130759, Longitude: 105.391645). © KFEM[/caption]
After this investigation report was released, the Korea Forest Service has stated that “there has been no large-scale illegal logging at the Cambodian project site”, without providing any counterevidence. Kim Han-min, a Korean activist who participated in the investigation responded, “If the loss of more than 3,500 hectares of forest every year is NOT a large scale for the Korean Forest Service, we are doomed for a completely destroyed forest within 10 years. Rather than denying hard visual evidence, drone footages and facts found in publicly available satellite data, the KFS must better embrace the reality and grant active participation of the civil society in both countries to right the ship before it’s too late.”
For Kim Hye-lyn, International Solidarity Director for the Korea Federation for Environmental Movements, “This incident once again lowers the reputation of the Korea Forest Service, which has been criticized as the ‘Forest Destruction Agency’.” She continued, “The Korea Forest Service’s plan to become carbon-neutral by securing 5 million tons of REDD+, when it cannot properly manage a pilot project, is deceptive. We need a more thorough investigation of illegal logging at the site and conflict with residents.”
Kim San-ha, managing director of the Biodiversity Foundation, stated, “There are too many loopholes in the current structure of REDD+ that relies on monitoring from private carbon emission certification institutions. Carbon credits can be certified even when forests are destroyed like this case.”
[caption id="attachment_218278" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 4. Deforestation in the Santuk district, in the south of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng ,July 1, 2021. (Latitude: 12.676208, Longitude: 105.479763). © KFEM[/caption]
Courtney Work, anthropologist and assistant professor of National Chengchi University, who has been working in Cambodia for seventeen years, also added that “many indigenous people around the world are not protecting the forest just because they are paid (money). Market-driven solutions like REDD+ can maybe bring some outcome in the short run to change the ways that businesses and governments think about valuing the forest. In the long run, however, it changes the traditional community values towards the forest toward monetary compensation rather than protecting livelihoods through forest health. With these new values, we will not be able to expect the next generation to do the same (conservation) actions”.
[caption id="attachment_218283" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 5. Deforestation in Choimsmak community forest, in the south of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng , June 24, 2021. (Latitude: 12.799951, Longitude: 105.449644). © KFEM[/caption]



전 세계에서 가장 많이 사용되는 식용유지인 '팜유'. 팜유는 팜 나무에서 나는 열매로 만든 식물성 기름으로 빵, 라면, 과자, 초콜릿과 같은 수많은 가공식품에 들어갑니다. 한국은 1966년에 팜유를 수입하기 시작한 이래 연간 수입량이 꾸준히 증가해 2016년에 총 475,936 톤의 팜유를 수입한 것으로 나타났습니다.
국내 수입된 팜유류 중 많은 양이 식용유로 활용 되고 있는데, 농림축산식품부 한국농수산식품유통공사에서 발행한 식품산업원료실태조사에 따르면 2016년도에 204,409 톤의 팜유류가 식품의 원료로 사용이 되었습니다. 이 중 67%가 면류 가공에, 12.9%가 과자류 제조에 활용되었습니다.
이렇듯 우리 식탁에서 흔히 찾을 수 있는 라면과 과자에 들어가는 팜유를 만들기 위해 동남아시아 국가의 열대림을 파괴되고, 오랑우탄 등 멸종위기종이 서식처를 잃으며, 원주민들 역시 선조 때부터 살던 땅을 빼앗겨 강제 이주를 할 수 밖에 없는 슬픈 상황에 처해있습니다.
이에 환경운동연합은 전 세계 팜유 생산량의 절반을 차지하는 인도네시아에서 오랜 기간 활동해온 현지 활동가를 초청해 팜유 산업이 초래하는 환경파괴와 기업의 토지독점 이슈에 대해 살펴 보고자 합니다. 관심 있는 분들의 많은 참여 부탁드립니다.
Kurniawan Sabar는 2009년부터 인도네시아 최대 환경운동단체인 WALHI 남부 술라웨시에서 마을의 소농, 어부와 청년들을 조직하는 일들을 담당했다. 이후 그는 남부 술라웨시에 진출한 대기업의 플랜테이션과 채굴업으로 인한 문제점에 대응하기 위하여 토지에 대한 권리, 식량 주관과 환경 지속가능성에 기반한 옹호활동을 펼쳐왔다. 2014년에는 WALHI (지구의 벗 인도네시아 지부) 중앙사무처의 캠페인 매니저가 되었으며, 2015년에는 지구의 벗 아시아태평양 지역의 식량주권 프로그램의 간사로 활동하였다. 2017년부터는 INDIES(Institute for National and Democracy Studies)의 대표로 대규모 팜 플랜테이션, 벌목 플랜테이션 및 채굴산업으로 인한 농업 분쟁, 토지 권리, 산불과 기후 변화에 대한 연구 및 옹호 활동을 활발하게 펼치고 있다.


지구의벗 유럽 자원순환 관련 간담회[/caption]
지구의벗 유럽 자원순환 관련 간담회[/caption]
지구의벗 유럽 32개국 지부 지도표시[/caption]
플라스틱[/caption]
2018 플라스틱 전략[/caption]
2019 일회용 플라스틱 규제[/caption]













▲ 팜유 농장이 조성되며 파괴된 숲 ⓒMighty Earth[/caption]
▲ 포스코 인터내셔널의 팜유 농장이 들어선 뒤 오염 된 비안강 ⓒMighty Earth[/caption]
▲ 포스코 인도네시아 팜유 농장으로 영향을 받게 된 마을에 대해 설명하는 한 주민 ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
▲ 2017년 포스코대우의 인도네시아 열대우림 파괴 중단을 촉구하는 환경운동연합의 기자회견에서 발언하는 국제 환경단체 마이티(Mighty)의 글렌 유로윗츠 회장. 희귀 및 멸종 동식물의 서식처이자, 기후변화를 막는 방패인 우리의 파푸아 숲을 지켜야 한다고 강조했다. ⓒ솜한새[/caption]
▲ OECD 한국연락사무소에 제출한 진정서[/caption]





포스코인터내셔널의 인도네시아 파푸아 팜유 플랜테이션 PT BIA 전경 ⓒ Mighty Earth[/caption]
▲ 숲이 우거진 원래의 열대우림(좌)과 포스코 팜유농장(우)의 대비된다. 파푸아는 지구에서 세 번째로 큰 열대우림이다. ⓒMighty Earth[/caption]
▲ 포스코의 PT BIA 농장이 들어선 뒤 오염 된 비안(Bian) 강 ⓒMighty Earth[/caption]
▲ 네덜란드 공적연금이 인도네시아 열대림 파괴 기업 포스코에 투자한 것의 문제를 지적한 방송. 이후 네덜란드 공적연금은 포스코에 대한 투자를 철회했다.[/caption]
▲ 파푸아섬에 서식하는 나무타기캥거루(Tree Kangaroo). 파푸아섬의 열대우림은 생물다양성이 높으며 희귀 동식물이 다수 서식하고 있다. ⓒMighty/Richard Ashurst[/caption]

▲ 브라질 원주민 빠예 이사카 후니쿠인 ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil[/caption]
▲카시크 안토니오 호세(Cacique Antonio Jose)가 지역 산업지구에 접근할 수 있는 문을 열고 있다. ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil[/caption]
▲ 아마존에 조성되는 소 농장 ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil[/caption]
▲ 아마존 원시림을 파괴하고 있는 목축업에 대해 비판하는 원주민 안토니오 호세 ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil[/caption]
▲ 아마존 숲 속 세 곳에서 전기톱에 사용되는 휘발유와 불에 탄 기름이 담겨져 있는 병을 발견했다. ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil[/caption]
▲ 600헥타르의 숲이 파괴된 모습을 보고 있는 원주민 ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil[/caption]
▲ 화재와 땅 점유의 증가 정도를 분석하기 위해 사용하는 지도를 보여주고 있는 원주민들 ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil [/caption]
▲ 고속도로에서는 통나무로 가득 찬 트럭을 많이 발견할 수 있다. ⓒDouglas Freitas / Friends of the Earth Brazil [/caption]
c. Reuter Mohamed Azak[/caption]
c. Reuters Mohamed Aza[/caption]
c. Diego Ibarra Sanche[/caption]
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