Large-Scale Deforestation at Korea Forest Service’s REDD+ Site in Cambodia
PRESS RELEASE – Korea Federation for Environmental Movements
・ More than 37% of forests destroyed in Korea Forest Service’s Cambodia REDD+ Pilot Project.
・ Korea Forest Service criticized of promoting the project’s success, despite poor management.
・ Immediate need for a forest restoration plan and participation from civil society in both countries.
Recently the Korea Forest Service (KFS) has come under fire for its plan to open up much of Korea’s forests to logging and replanting, in the name of 2050 carbon-neutrality. KFS hoped this would help it reach its goal of 34 million tons of GHG emission reduction by 2050. But what was overlooked in much of this criticism was the fact that 5 million tons of these reductions would be achieved overseas through REDD+ projects.
REDD+, or reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, covers a variety of projects but generally involves developed countries paying developing countries not to cut down forests. Korea began pilot projects in Indonesia in 2013, and later expanding to Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Cambodia’s Tumring REDD+ Pilot Project is the first project where the Korea Forest Service secured carbon credits.
At present only the host countries can count reductions in deforestation towards their emission reduction goals, or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). But Korea is expecting that this will change. Korea’s Cabon Neutrality Committee said as much in its recent 2050 carbon neutrality roadmaps, where it stated that REDD+ would be used to make up shortfalls in the countries future NDCs. In the meantime, Korea can receive carbon credits from these projects, which the KFS says are being sold and the profits used to fund the pilot projects.
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Map 1. Logging in Tumring project area, 2000-2021. The solid white line is the boundary of the REDD+ pilot project, and each red pixel represents the degree of forest loss over 20 years. The brighter the red, the more recently the forest was lost. The remaining forests are becoming fragmented, turning into ecologically vulnerable islands. The yellow pixel represents GLAD Deforestation Alert showing a disturbance in the forest canopy, which indicates that trees in that area may have been lost or removed. ©Global Forest Watch[/caption]
The KFS has proudly stated that last year the Tumring project reduced 650,000 tons of GHG emissions. However, an independent three-month investigation this year conducted by Cambodian and Korean NGOs, has shown the reality on the ground is far different. The investigation which began in May, involved on-site investigations, satellite image analysis, and expert interviews. The fieldwork team was led by Ouch Leng, Goldman Environmental Prize recipient and head of the Cambodia Human Rights Task Force (CHRTF) and supported by activists of Korean Federation for Environmental Movements (KFEM) and the Biodiversity Foundation. The fieldwork team visited 13 out of 14 community forests in the Tumring REDD+ pilot project area, on several occasions.
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Map 2. Composition of satellite data, drone images, and on ground photos showing deforestation inside Tumring REDD+ pilot project © KFEM[/caption]
The investigation revealed that in the past six years since the Tumring REDD+ pilot project was established, more than 37% of the forest in the project area was damaged or lost. According to public satellite data provided by the University of Maryland, the forest area decreased from around 56,084 hectares in 2015 to about 35,544 hectares at the end of last year. This loss of 20,540 hectares is equivalent to an area twice the size of Paris. The fieldwork team contended that the damage in the area is likely greater than what was seen on satellite, estimating as high as 45% loss in overall forest cover. Even more alarming is the current rate of deforestation. In 2020 there was an 8.76% loss of forest in the project area. In the first half of 2021, forest loss has already reached 8.3%.
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Map 3. Tumring REDD+ pilot project area in red, located near the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary in northern Cambodia. ©Global Forest Watch – University of Maryland; Hansen et al. 2013.[/caption]
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Table 1. Tumring REDD+ Pilot Project Zones: Percentage of deforestation by year, 2010-2020. After the REDD+ pilot project was launched in December 2014, forest loss has continued to rise. Land expropriation and logging expanded in 2016, the year Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary was established. © University of Maryland, Global Land Analysis and Discovery (GLAD)-Global Forest Watch 2.0b[/caption]
Most of the deforested areas are turned into large plantation farmland, mainly for rubber, cassava, and cashew nuts. According to interviews with local residents, most of the trees harvested in this process are not for local consumption. It is reported that logging companies from other regions make illegal arrangements with local officials or forest monitoring personnel, make the local residents handle the logging operations and purchase the timber. According to Ouch Leng, “It’s not a secret that expensive timber from endangered species in Cambodia is actively traded on the black market. REDD+ project isn’t stopping that at all.”
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Photo 1. A fallen REDD+ project sign found in the Choim Smach community forest within the Tumring REDD+ pilot project area. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, 24 June 2021. © KFEM[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_218277" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 2. Illegal logging, on-site processing of rubber trees, and transportation by tractor (locally called "Koyun") in the Ou Daskor community forest north of the Tumring project site. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, July 2, 2021. © KFEM[/caption]
Land grabbing within the REDD+ project forests is yet another issue. According to Mr. Chhem Sopheak, head of the Sochet community forest, located in the southeast of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project, outsiders were recently caught by police for trying to grab land. He also reported cases of people attempting to forge residents or indigenous peoples to gain land titles.
Forest patrol by the local community is one of the core empowering activities of the REDD+ projects, in order to monitor deforestation and logging. However, an allowance of around $50 per 5-person team was barely enough to cover fuel and food costs for patrolling. In fact, the teams interviewed by the investigation team were only receiving an average of $38 per patrol. “It takes 10 people to properly patrol a large forest,” said a representative of the O Dauntey community forest, and a proper patrol may cost “five times the current allowance.” The result is that in many cases, patrol is performed only once or twice a month, utterly insufficient to prevent illegal logging.
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Photo 3. Deforestation in O Dauntey community forest inside Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, July 2021. (Latitude: 13.130759, Longitude: 105.391645). © KFEM[/caption]
After this investigation report was released, the Korea Forest Service has stated that “there has been no large-scale illegal logging at the Cambodian project site”, without providing any counterevidence. Kim Han-min, a Korean activist who participated in the investigation responded, “If the loss of more than 3,500 hectares of forest every year is NOT a large scale for the Korean Forest Service, we are doomed for a completely destroyed forest within 10 years. Rather than denying hard visual evidence, drone footages and facts found in publicly available satellite data, the KFS must better embrace the reality and grant active participation of the civil society in both countries to right the ship before it’s too late.”
For Kim Hye-lyn, International Solidarity Director for the Korea Federation for Environmental Movements, “This incident once again lowers the reputation of the Korea Forest Service, which has been criticized as the ‘Forest Destruction Agency’.” She continued, “The Korea Forest Service’s plan to become carbon-neutral by securing 5 million tons of REDD+, when it cannot properly manage a pilot project, is deceptive. We need a more thorough investigation of illegal logging at the site and conflict with residents.”
Kim San-ha, managing director of the Biodiversity Foundation, stated, “There are too many loopholes in the current structure of REDD+ that relies on monitoring from private carbon emission certification institutions. Carbon credits can be certified even when forests are destroyed like this case.”
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Photo 4. Deforestation in the Santuk district, in the south of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng ,July 1, 2021. (Latitude: 12.676208, Longitude: 105.479763). © KFEM[/caption]
Courtney Work, anthropologist and assistant professor of National Chengchi University, who has been working in Cambodia for seventeen years, also added that “many indigenous people around the world are not protecting the forest just because they are paid (money). Market-driven solutions like REDD+ can maybe bring some outcome in the short run to change the ways that businesses and governments think about valuing the forest. In the long run, however, it changes the traditional community values towards the forest toward monetary compensation rather than protecting livelihoods through forest health. With these new values, we will not be able to expect the next generation to do the same (conservation) actions”.
[caption id="attachment_218283" align="aligncenter" width="640"]
Photo 5. Deforestation in Choimsmak community forest, in the south of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng , June 24, 2021. (Latitude: 12.799951, Longitude: 105.449644). © KFEM[/caption]
피흘리며 포획되는 멸종위기종 미흑점상어 ⓒ함께사는길 이성수[/caption]
공익 광고 전문가 이제석 씨가 낚시에 걸려 피 흘리는 미흑점상어를 연출하고 있다. ⓒ함께사는길 이성수[/caption]
멸종위기종 미흑점상어 포획에 대한 공식 책입 입장을 요구하는 환경운동연합 ⓒ함께사는길 이성수[/caption]
공익광고 전문가 이제석 씨가 미흑점상어를 연출하는 장면을 취재진이 촬영하고 있다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
공익 광고 전문가 이제석 씨가 기획한 낚싯대에 걸린 미흑점상어 ⓒ공익광고 전문가 이제석[/caption]
사체를 수장하는 티엔우8호 ⓒ공익법센터 어필[/caption]
건조되고 있는 상어 지느러미 ⓒ공익법센터 어필[/caption]
백상아리의 지느러미를 자르려는 선원 ⓒ공익법센터 어필[/caption]
범고래붙이로 추정되는 고래류의 포획 ⓒ공익법센터 어필[/caption]
선박에 가득 쌓인 상어지느러미 ⓒ공익법센터 어필[/caption]
청상아리 ⓒ공익법센터 어필[/caption]
그물이 고래의 몸을 칭칭 감고있다. ⓒDomenic Biagini[/caption]
그물이 걸려 괴로워하고 있는 고래 ⓒDomenic Biagini[/caption]
식용으로 사용하기 위해 포획한 밍크고래 ⓒ해사신문[/caption]
생태관광이라고 얘기하며 돌고래를 쫓는 요트업체. 누리꾼의 원성이 높아 댓글 쓰기 기능이 활성돼있지 않다.[/caption]
숨을 쉬기위해 수면위로 나온 상괭이. 상괭이가 숨을 뿜어내는 소리를 들을 수 있다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
위판장에 정박한 근해안강망 어선ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
안강망 어선으로 잡는 어획물이 위판장에 놓여있다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
어업 준비를 위해 정비를 기다리는 안강망 어구 ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
몸에 그물이 걸려 몸부림 치고있는 혹등고래 ⓒDomenic Biagini[/caption]
International Whaling Commission[/caption]
제주 생태관광선박이 쫓고 있는 남방큰돌고래. 미국은 선박이 돌고래에 50m 이내 접근 하는 것을 금지하고 있다.[/caption]
공익법센터어필, 시민환경연구소, 환경운동연합, 환경정의재단, 선원이주노동자인권네트워크 관례자들이 한국 어선에서 발생하는 인권침해와 불법어업 고발 기자간담회를 진행하고 있다. ⓒ공익법센터어필[/caption]
캘리포니아 대학 산타바바라(UCSB) 연구팀이 조사한 원양어선 조업시간, 항해시간, 항해거리 연구 결과 ⓒnvironmental Market Solutions Lab (emLab)[/caption]
열악한 이주어선원 노동자의 숙소 ⓒ경주이주노동자센터[/caption]
좁은 숙소에 11명이 살아가는 이주어선원 노동자들, 선주가 제공하는 식사는 쌀과 달걀 뿐이다. ⓒ경주이주노동자센터[/caption]
원양어선에서 포획된 범고래붙이 ⓒ공익법센터어필[/caption]
코알라에이드 담요[/caption]
그린블리스의 고래 티셔츠[/caption]
환경운동연합 등 시민단체들이 동물학대 거제씨월드 폐쇄 촉구 기자회견을 열었다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
벨루가 포획자들은 수족관에서 쉽게 길들이고 운송비용을 낮추기 위해 벨루가 가족으로부터 아기벨루가를 납치한다. ⓒBorn To Be Free[/caption]
바다에 적은 벨루가 성체는 길들이기 힘들고 운송비용이 많이나와 잡지 않는다. ⓒBorn To Be Free[/caption]
벨루가를 수족관에 가두기 위해선 죽은 물고기를 먹도록 길들여야한다 ⓒBorn To Be Free[/caption]
5,000km의 반경에서 생활하는 벨루가와 거제씨월드 수족관 비교ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
벨루가가 괴롭지만 견딜 수 있는 온도는 14도~16도까지다. 거제씨월드 수족관은 어떨까? ⓒBorn To Be Free[/caption]
좁은 수족관에서 고독한 삶을 사는 벨루가의 삶은 곧 고문의 일상입니다. ⓒBorn To Be Free[/caption]
동물학대 시설 거제씨월드 폐쇄 기자회견ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
벨루가의 지친 눈동자ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
누구의 기준으로 깨끗하다고 주장하는지 모를 수조의 바닥. 거제씨월드는 깨끗하게 수조를 관리하고 있다고 주장한다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
좁고 열악한 거제씨월드, 고래들이 힘차게 꼬리 한 번 움직일 수 없다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
거제씨월드 바로 옆은 바다다. 바람에 찰랑이는 파도 소리가 선명히 들린다. 바로 앞이 자유지만 나갈 수 없다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
ⓒBeltrán Rodríguez[/caption]
ⓒBeltrán Rodríguez[/caption]
ⓒBeltrán Rodríguez[/caption]
얇고 촘촘한 자망 그물, 노련한 다이버도 바다에서 자망 그물에 걸리면 빠져나오기 힘들다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
서해에서 사용되는 안강망, 매년 약 천마리의 상괭이가 혼획, 좌초되어 죽고있다. 약 60%의 원인이 안강망이다. ⓒ환경운동연합[/caption]
인도네시아 선원들이 살고 있는 거주지를 나타낸 지도[/caption]
자카르타에서 가장 멀리 떨어진 선원 집과의 거리, 무려 2,400km가 넘는다.[/caption]
안전히 귀가해 아들과 함께 찍은 사진을 보내준 인도네시아 선원 ⓒ공익법센터어필[/caption]
시민들의 의견
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