South Korea’s Climate Pledges: Less Than Meets the Eye

At the recent Leaders’ Summit on Climate, hosted by U.S. President Joe Biden, South Korean President Moon Jae-in was praised when he pledged to end public financing for overseas coal projects and release improved emissions targets later this year. But behind Moon’s promises is a government that obstructed legislative efforts to end coal financing, dragged its heels on new emissions targets, and looks set to log and replant 72 percent of the country’s forests in the name of carbon neutrality.

Once again, the Moon administration is making bold climate pledges on the international stage, while undermining these goals at home.

In 2020, South Korea’s national utility, KEPCO, was at the center of an international campaign to end its investments in new coal-fired power plants in Indonesia and Vietnam. In response, lawmakers from Moon’s ruling party proposed legislation to prohibit KEPCO, state banks, and the state trade insurance provider from financing overseas coal plant projects. But on September 14, behind closed doors, the administration scuttled these legislative efforts and greenlit these controversial projects.

Such projects make a mockery of South Korea’s climate commitments, locking in new emissions for the half-century life spans of these plants. This is even more apparent given South Korea’s continued construction of domestic coal plants, which will ensure emissions well beyond 2050, the date the country pledged to be carbon neutral.

The writing on the wall for South Korea’s coal plant export industry had long been clear, and Seoul’s new pledge, while welcome, was somewhat inevitable. KEPCO itself announced last year that the projects in Indonesia and Vietnam would be their last, and in early 2020 the Korean government had to bail out the country’s flagship coal plant exporter, Doosan Heavy Industries, to the eventual sum of 3.6 trillion won ($3.2 billion). Doosan Heavy will build the new plants in Indonesia and Vietnam.

South Korea’s decision to delay the release of new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) stood in stark contrast to the bold commitments made at the climate summit by the U.S., the U.K., and neighboring Japan. Seoul updated its NDCs in December 2020, but despite an improvement in accounting methods, the target remained unchanged from 2016. Specifically, South Korea committed to a 24.4 percent reduction of emissions from 2017 levels by 2030. But this target needs to rise to 59 percent if South Korea hopes to meet its fair share of climate obligations.

Concerns also persist about how Seoul hopes to achieve its emissions reduction targets. In January, the Korea Forest Service announced plans that would allow 72 percent of the nation’s forests to be logged and replanted as part of its 2050 Carbon-Neutral Forestry Sector plan. The decision is based on a redefinition of “old trees” as those aged over 30 years, as well as disputed research on the lifetime carbon absorption of trees.

Rather than focus on South Korean industrial emissions, the country’s largest source of greenhouse gases, Seoul hopes to reach its NDCs through creative carbon accounting in the forestry sector. By 2030, 11 percent of South Korea’s emission reductions will come from real reductions in the industrial sector, 22 percent by cutting down and replanting trees.

South Korea continues to make bold climate statements on the world stage, but its domestic record fails to back these up. If Seoul is to release new NDCs this year they must not only be significantly higher, but they must tackle the real sources of emissions. Anything less would render Moon Jae-in’s recent pledges at the Biden summit entirely meaningless.

Originally published in The Diplomat.

PRESS RELEASE – Korea Federation for Environmental Movements

・ More than 37% of forests destroyed in Korea Forest Service’s Cambodia REDD+ Pilot Project.

・ Korea Forest Service criticized of promoting the project’s success, despite poor management.

・ Immediate need for a forest restoration plan and participation from civil society in both countries.

Recently the Korea Forest Service (KFS) has come under fire for its plan to open up much of Korea’s forests to logging and replanting, in the name of 2050 carbon-neutrality. KFS hoped this would help it reach its goal of 34 million tons of GHG emission reduction by 2050. But what was overlooked in much of this criticism was the fact that 5 million tons of these reductions would be achieved overseas through REDD+ projects.

REDD+, or reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, covers a variety of projects but generally involves developed countries paying developing countries not to cut down forests. Korea began pilot projects in Indonesia in 2013, and later expanding to Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Cambodia’s Tumring REDD+ Pilot Project is the first project where the Korea Forest Service secured carbon credits.

At present only the host countries can count reductions in deforestation towards their emission reduction goals, or Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). But Korea is expecting that this will change. Korea’s Cabon Neutrality Committee said as much in its recent 2050 carbon neutrality roadmaps, where it stated that REDD+ would be used to make up shortfalls in the countries future NDCs. In the meantime, Korea can receive carbon credits from these projects, which the KFS says are being sold and the profits used to fund the pilot projects.

[caption id="attachment_218272" align="aligncenter" width="630"] Map 1. Logging in Tumring project area, 2000-2021. The solid white line is the boundary of the REDD+ pilot project, and each red pixel represents the degree of forest loss over 20 years. The brighter the red, the more recently the forest was lost. The remaining forests are becoming fragmented, turning into ecologically vulnerable islands. The yellow pixel represents GLAD Deforestation Alert showing a disturbance in the forest canopy, which indicates that trees in that area may have been lost or removed. ©Global Forest Watch[/caption]

The KFS has proudly stated that last year the Tumring project reduced 650,000 tons of GHG emissions. However, an independent three-month investigation this year conducted by Cambodian and Korean NGOs, has shown the reality on the ground is far different. The investigation which began in May, involved on-site investigations, satellite image analysis, and expert interviews. The fieldwork team was led by Ouch Leng, Goldman Environmental Prize recipient and head of the Cambodia Human Rights Task Force (CHRTF) and supported by activists of Korean Federation for Environmental Movements (KFEM) and the Biodiversity Foundation. The fieldwork team visited 13 out of 14 community forests in the Tumring REDD+ pilot project area, on several occasions.

[caption id="attachment_218273" align="aligncenter" width="425"] Map 2. Composition of satellite data, drone images, and on ground photos showing deforestation inside Tumring REDD+ pilot project © KFEM[/caption]

The investigation revealed that in the past six years since the Tumring REDD+ pilot project was established, more than 37% of the forest in the project area was damaged or lost. According to public satellite data provided by the University of Maryland, the forest area decreased from around 56,084 hectares in 2015 to about 35,544 hectares at the end of last year. This loss of 20,540 hectares is equivalent to an area twice the size of Paris. The fieldwork team contended that the damage in the area is likely greater than what was seen on satellite, estimating as high as 45% loss in overall forest cover. Even more alarming is the current rate of deforestation. In 2020 there was an 8.76% loss of forest in the project area. In the first half of 2021, forest loss has already reached 8.3%.

[caption id="attachment_218274" align="aligncenter" width="469"] Map 3. Tumring REDD+ pilot project area in red, located near the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary in northern Cambodia. ©Global Forest Watch – University of Maryland; Hansen et al. 2013.[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_218275" align="aligncenter" width="605"] Table 1. Tumring REDD+ Pilot Project Zones: Percentage of deforestation by year, 2010-2020. After the REDD+ pilot project was launched in December 2014, forest loss has continued to rise. Land expropriation and logging expanded in 2016, the year Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary was established. © University of Maryland, Global Land Analysis and Discovery (GLAD)-Global Forest Watch 2.0b[/caption]

Most of the deforested areas are turned into large plantation farmland, mainly for rubber, cassava, and cashew nuts. According to interviews with local residents, most of the trees harvested in this process are not for local consumption. It is reported that logging companies from other regions make illegal arrangements with local officials or forest monitoring personnel, make the  local residents handle the logging operations and purchase the timber. According to Ouch Leng, “It’s not a secret that expensive timber from endangered species in Cambodia is actively traded on the black market. REDD+ project isn’t stopping that at all.”

[caption id="attachment_218411" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Photo 1. A fallen REDD+ project sign found in the Choim Smach community forest within the Tumring REDD+ pilot project area. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, 24 June 2021. © KFEM[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_218277" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Photo 2. Illegal logging, on-site processing of rubber trees, and transportation by tractor (locally called "Koyun") in the Ou Daskor community forest north of the Tumring project site. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, July 2, 2021. © KFEM[/caption]

Land grabbing within the REDD+ project forests is yet another issue. According to Mr. Chhem Sopheak, head of the Sochet community forest, located in the southeast of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project, outsiders were recently caught by police for trying to grab land. He also reported cases of people attempting to forge residents or indigenous peoples to gain land titles.

Forest patrol by the local community is one of the core empowering activities of the REDD+ projects, in order to monitor deforestation and logging. However, an allowance of around $50 per 5-person team was barely enough to cover fuel and food costs for patrolling. In fact, the teams interviewed by the investigation team were only receiving an average of $38 per patrol. “It takes 10 people to properly patrol a large forest,” said a representative of the O Dauntey community forest, and a proper patrol may cost “five times the current allowance.” The result is that in many cases, patrol is performed only once or twice a month, utterly insufficient to prevent illegal logging.

[caption id="attachment_218279" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Photo 3. Deforestation in O Dauntey community forest inside Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng, July 2021. (Latitude: 13.130759, Longitude: 105.391645). © KFEM[/caption]

After this investigation report was released, the Korea Forest Service has stated that “there has been no large-scale illegal logging at the Cambodian project site”, without providing any counterevidence. Kim Han-min, a Korean activist who participated in the investigation responded, “If the loss of more than 3,500 hectares of forest every year is NOT a large scale for the Korean Forest Service, we are doomed for a completely destroyed forest within 10 years. Rather than denying hard visual evidence, drone footages and facts found in publicly available satellite data, the KFS must better embrace the reality and grant active participation of the civil society in both countries to right the ship before it’s too late.”

For Kim Hye-lyn, International Solidarity Director for the Korea Federation for Environmental Movements, “This incident once again lowers the reputation of the Korea Forest Service, which has been criticized as the ‘Forest Destruction Agency’.” She continued, “The Korea Forest Service’s plan to become carbon-neutral by securing 5 million tons of REDD+, when it cannot properly manage a pilot project, is deceptive. We need a more thorough investigation of illegal logging at the site and conflict with residents.”

Kim San-ha, managing director of the Biodiversity Foundation, stated, “There are too many loopholes in the current structure of REDD+ that relies on monitoring from private carbon emission certification institutions. Carbon credits can be certified even when forests are destroyed like this case.”

[caption id="attachment_218278" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Photo 4. Deforestation in the Santuk district, in the south of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng ,July 1, 2021. (Latitude: 12.676208, Longitude: 105.479763). © KFEM[/caption]

Courtney Work, anthropologist and assistant professor of National Chengchi University, who has been working in Cambodia for seventeen years, also added that “many indigenous people around the world are not protecting the forest just because they are paid (money). Market-driven solutions like REDD+ can maybe bring some outcome in the short run to change the ways that businesses and governments think about valuing the forest. In the long run, however, it changes the traditional community values towards the forest toward monetary compensation rather than protecting livelihoods through forest health. With these new values, we will not be able to expect the next generation to do the same (conservation) actions”.

[caption id="attachment_218283" align="aligncenter" width="640"] Photo 5. Deforestation in Choimsmak community forest, in the south of the Tumring REDD+ pilot project. Photo taken by Ouch Leng , June 24, 2021. (Latitude: 12.799951, Longitude: 105.449644). © KFEM[/caption]

https://issuu.com/ushas88/docs/20210818_

환경운동연합, 사단법인 기후솔루션, 공익법센터 어필은 본 보고서를 통해 바이오연료에 관한 국내외 정책과 자료를 분석하여 바이오연료 공급망에 내재한 문제점을 다각도로 조명하고 그에 대한 해결방안을 제안합니다.

※보고서 전문은 여기에서 다운 받을 수 있습니다.

‘착한 기름은 없다; 한국 바이오연료 정책 현황과 개선과제 보고서’ 발표 기자회견

기후위기 대응을 위해 화석연료를 대체할 재생에너지원에 대한 정책 지원과 투자가 확산되고 있습니다. 대부분 수입산 팜유와 팜 부산물로 만들어지는 바이오디젤과 바이오중유는 국내에서 ‘친환경’ 신재생에너지원으로 인정받으며 생산량이 증가 추세에 있습니다. 팜유는 생산과정에서 대규모 산림파괴, 탄소배출, 생명다양성 훼손, 토착민과 노동자 권리 침해 등 심각한 환경・사회 문제를 유발합니다. 환경운동연합, 사단법인 기후솔루션, 공익법센터 어필은 본 보고서를 통해 바이오연료에 관한 국내외 정책과 자료를 분석하여 바이오연료 공급망에 내재한 문제점을 다각도로 조명하고 그에 대한 해결방안을 제안합니다.

일시: 2021년 8월 18일(수) 오전 11시- 오후 12시

장소: 공익법센터 어필 공간 사이다

주최: 공익법센터 어필, 사단법인 기후솔루션, 환경운동연합

프로그램

사회: 공석기 환경운동연합 국제협력위원회 위원장 / 서울대 아시아 연구소

발제1. 국내 바이오연료 현황 개괄 및 정책 권고

김수진 기후솔루션 선임연구원

발제2. 제주도 바이오중유 발전소 사례 발표 및 제언

김정도 제주환경운동연합 정책국장

질의응답

참여방법

https://youtu.be/p-tp140wuPI

문의 공익법센터 어필 02-3478-0529 / [email protected]

[국제연대] 지구의 벗 유럽지부 자원순환 활동 간담회

[caption id="attachment_202187" align="aligncenter" width="640"] 지구의벗 유럽 자원순환 관련 간담회[/caption]

[caption id="attachment_202188" align="aligncenter" width="640"] 지구의벗 유럽 자원순환 관련 간담회[/caption]

지난 27일(금) 지구의 벗 유럽지부 자원순환 활동가인 메이브(Meadhbh Bolger)활동가가 환경운동연합에 방문하여 중앙활동가들과 자원순환과 관련된 간담회를 했다. 메이브 활동가에게 유럽의 자원순환, 플라스틱 폐기물 등의 전반적인 활동 방향과 사례 발표를 듣고, 한국의 활동 방향과 비교하며 앞으로 자원순환/폐기물 상황을 어떻게 풀어나갈 것인지 고민하는 시간이었다.

<지구의 벗 유럽>
지구의 벗 유럽지부는 유럽 32개국이 회원단체로 가입되어 있는 가장 큰 규모의 환경시민단체 중 하나로, 브뤼셀에 본부를 두고 있다.

[caption id="attachment_202189" align="aligncenter" width="640"] 지구의벗 유럽 32개국 지부 지도표시[/caption]

지부에서는 다른 지부와 연대하면서도 각 지역의 필요한 활동을 하고 있고, 본부에서는 각 지부를 네트워킹하고, 중점 이슈를 두고 활동하고 이어가고 있다. 본부의 중점 이슈로는 ▲기후와 에너지 ▲식량, 농업 ▲생태계 다양성, ▲자원 활용과 지속가능성 ▲경제정의가 있다. 또한, 지구의벗 유럽은 다른 유럽 내 10개의 NGO와 연대도 활발하다.

<유럽의 폐기물/플라스틱 문제의 현황>
유럽은 자원의 소비량이 많아 폐기물도 그만큼 많이 배출하고 있다.(연간 1인당 486kg 배출) 플라스틱의 경우 유럽은 세계에서 두 번째로 배출하고 있으며. 아시아인의 평균 배출량의 5배나 된다. 플라스틱 폐기물의 40%는 포장재이며 그중 95%는 한번 쓰고 버리는 일회용 플라스틱이다. 버려진 것들은 대부분 매립, 소각되고 있다. 최근 유럽연합은 소각에 따른 다양한 환경파괴 문제로 소각을 감축하려는 것과 플라스틱을 줄이려고 논의하고 있다.

[caption id="attachment_202190" align="aligncenter" width="640"] 플라스틱[/caption]

유럽연합과 각 국에서 폐기물과 플라스틱을 줄이려는 정책과 노력이 있음에도 플라스틱의 생산량과 배출량을 줄이기는 쉽지 않은 현실이다. 생산할 때 온실가스를 배출하는 문제도 심각하고, 폐기물 처리도 제대로 못해 다른 국가로 수출하여 정의롭지 못한 문제를 일으키고 있다. 특히 그동안 40%의 폐기물을 중국에 수출하고 있었는데, 가장 저질의 쓰레기를 보낸 것으로 밝혀졌다. 재활용만으로 문제를 해결하는 것은 폐기물 문제를 해결하는 데 역부족이다. 따라서 소비를 줄이는 것이 중요하고, 소비중심적인 경제구조와 제품의 생산단계도 변화시킬 필요가 있다.

<폐기물, 플라스틱 관련 유럽연합의 정책과 전략>
- 2015 플라스틱 봉투 규제(Plastic Bags Directive 2015) : 2025년까지는 연간 한 명의 소비자가 40개만 사용하는 것이 목표. 시행 1년 만에 플라스틱 봉투 80%를 줄임
- 2015 순환경제 패키지(Circular Economy Package 2015) : 54가지의 폐기물, 플라스틱, 친환경 설계, 원자재, 화학재, 국재연대 등의 활동 방향을 담은 정책이 발의됨

[caption id="attachment_202191" align="aligncenter" width="296"] 2018 플라스틱 전략[/caption]

- 2018 플라스틱 전략 (Strategy on Plastics 2018) : 모든 플라스틱 포장재는 2030년까지 재활용 혹은 재사용이 가능하게 만들어야 함

[caption id="attachment_202192" align="aligncenter" width="559"] 2019 일회용 플라스틱 규제[/caption]

- 2019 일회용 플라스틱 규제 (Single-use Plastics Directive) : 유럽 내 해양쓰레기 투기 85% 감축, 몇 가지 품목 사용금지, 소비 감축 조치 등을 목표로 함

모든 정책이 완벽한 것은 아니지만, 유럽연합이 환경 사안에 의지를 갖고 정책과 전략을 펼치고 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 또한 유럽연합 지침이 아니더라도 각 국가마다 플라스틱 포장재나 일회용 플라스틱을 줄이려는 노력을 하고 있는데, 벨기에의 플란더스의 경우 2020년까지 모든 일회품 음료 포장재는 공식 행사에서 사용할 수 없는 법을 만든 것을 한 예로 들 수 있다.

<다음 단계와 우리의 노력>
- 지구에 피해를 주지 않을 정도로 소비를 줄이고 부족한 것만을 채우는 새로운 경제모델
- 제품 제작부터 폐기할 때까지의 일련의 과정이 순환적일 수 있도록 설계
- 제품을 오래 사용할 수 있도록 효율성을 높이고, 폐기물을 줄일 수 있도록 재사용이 가능한 설계
- 자원순환을 위한 제도와 규제들 (보증금, 세금 등)
- NGO의 활동을 통해 좋은 변화를 만듦 (모든 종류의 미디어 활용, 교육, 논평과 연구 자료를 통해 오염자를 고발, 로비, 연대 등)

<정리>
환경운동연합 김춘이 부총장은 “이번 발표와 논의를 통해 한국의 자원순환 활동을 하는 데 몇몇 아이디어를 떠올릴 수 있었다. 벨기에의 플라더스의 사례처럼 우리 정부와 지자체 등이 먼저 각종 회의와 행사에서 일회용품을 쓰지 않는 캠페인을 하면 좋겠다”며 “시민들은 분리배출도 잘하고, 플라스틱을 줄이려는 노력도 하고 관심도 많은데, 정부 기관이 의지를 가지고 더 노력할 필요가 있다”고 말했다.

대안사회국 안재훈 국장은 “요즘 온라인 소비로 인해 한국과 유럽 모두 포장재 사용이 많이 증가했는데, 재활용할 수 있는 포장재와 포장재 수거하는 방법 등에서 고민이 필요하다. 공병 보증금제에서 공병을 어느 마트에 갖다 줘도 되는 것처럼 배송포장재를 통일시켜서 수거할 공간을 정하고, 관리할 수 있는 인력과 시스템을 갖추는 등 다양한 아이디어를 모아 실행할 수 있는 계기가 있으면 좋겠다”고 말했다.

지구의벗 유럽 메이브 자원순환 활동가는 “유럽에 다양한 폐기물/플라스틱 정책이 많은데 시민들이 정책을 받아들이는 반응이 좋다. 뉴스 등 미디어에 관련 이슈가 많이 나와서 시민들의 인식을 깨우고, 여론이 좋아서 좀 더 목표에 다가갈 수 있었다. 얼마 전 유럽연합 28개국의 시민 대상으로 설문조사를 했는데, 70%가 슈퍼마켓에서 더 적은 포장재를 사용하고 싶고, 쓰레기를 줄이는 것에 더 참여하고 싶다고 답했다. 정책에 반응이 좋지 않은 것은 기업들이었다”라고 말하며 논의를 마무리했다.